Data type

Source

Period

Reference

Patent applications

WIPO World Intellectual Property Indicators

2012–2022

Corporate R&D investment

EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard

2013–2023

Sectoral R&D expenditures

OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators

2000–2022

US R&D statistics

National Science Foundation

2024

R&D intensity by industry

Statista (based on EU Scoreboard)

2023

Corporate annual reports

Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, etc.

2023