KAZAKHSTAN'S ACCESSION TO THE TSARIST RUSSIA IN THE XVIII - XIX CENTURIES FROM THE PHILOSOPHICAL DETERMINISM

Кенжебеков К.К.¹, Турысжанова Р.К.², Дюсебаева Г.К.³, Болтаева С.Ж.⁴

¹Кандидат исторических наук, и.о. доцента, ²Доктор философских наук, профессор, ³Кандидат исторических наук, ⁴Старший преподаватель, Новый экономический университет им. Т.Рыскулова.

ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИЕ КАЗАХСТАНА К ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ В ХVIII – ХIХ ВВ. С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ ФИЛОСОФСКОГО ДЕТЕРМИНИЗМА

Аннотация

Исторический процесс, с точки зрения философского  детерминизма, представляет собой движение к предопределенной цели. Это положение историософии имеет полное подтверждение в череде событий и фактов осуществления так называемого «добровольного и мирного» присоединения  Казахстана к царской России в ХVIII – ХIХ вв.  На основе архивных и литературных источников показано, что в колонизации Казахстана принимали участие не только казачьи, но и регулярные армейские части. На основе проведенного исследования с опорой на принцип   философского  детерминизма сделаны выводы и дана оценка действиям царской России в Казахстане.

Ключевые слова: философский детерминизм, историософия, колонизация, иррегулярные войска, военные линии, ландмилицкие полки, рекруты.

Kenzhebekov K.K.¹, Turyszhanova R.K.², Dyussebayeva G.³, Boltayeva S.Z.⁴

¹Candidate of Historical Sciences, acting associate Professor, ²Doctor of philosophy, professor, ³Candidate of Historical Sciences, ⁴ Senior lecturer, Ryskulov New Economic University

KAZAKHSTAN'S  ACCESSION  TO THE TSARIST RUSSIA IN THE XVIII - XIX CENTURIES FROM THE PHILOSOPHICAL DETERMINISM

Abstract

The historical process, according to the standpoint of philosophical determinism is a movement toward the predetermined goal. This provision of historiosophy has fully confirmed in the series of events and facts implementation of the so-called "voluntary" accession of Kazakhstan to Tsarist Russia in XVIII - XIX centuries. In this article on the basis of archival and literary sources it is demonstrated that not only Cossack but regular army units took part in the colonization of Kazakhstan. Prior to the 19^th century tsarist government used on the military lines not only Cossack army, but the regular Russian army units. In terms of studies based on the principle of philosophical determinism conclusions and assesses the actions of Tsarist Russia in XVIII-XIX centuries in Kazakhstan. Based on the research, the author makes conclusions and provides a rough estimate of the actions of Tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan.

Keywords: philosophical determinism, historiosophy, colonization, irregular armies, military line, landmilice military unit, recruits.

There is no place to chance in history. Universal interconnection and interdependence is immanent in historical events and processes. The historical process, according to the standpoint of philosophical determinism is a movement toward a predetermined goal. These provisions of historiosophy have fully confirmed in the series of events and facts implementation of the so-called "free and peaceful" Kazakhstan's accession to the Tsarist Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on the principle of philosophical determinism, it will be given the objective assessment of the historical fact.

It should be recalled that, although there is speculation about the Cossack colonization of Kazakhstan, however, before the start of the XIX century tsarist government used military lines not only Cossack, but regular part of the Russian army. As archival documents, "... first posts were in the custody of regular dragoon regiments, then custody of the Cossacks, but due to unrest among them,  had been replaced again by regular troops  with the Cossacks together " [1].

These words are confirmed by the fact that the Russian government realized the Cossack units should not be left unattended. Cossack troops are the large and formidable forces if they are managed skillfully, so the role of the Cossack troops in the conquest of Central Asia and Kazakhstan does not diminish, but enhanced by the presence of regular troops. F.Usov wrote on this subject: "The garrisons of infantry soldiers and cavalry dragoons were put in the fortress. Moreover, in 1725 Gagarin’s successor Prince Dolgoruky  requested the special staff for aforementioned five fortresses, where it was determined to keep 785 serfs Cossacks "[2].

The idea of using regular troops maintained all subsequent years. Another proof of this version is an excerpt from the document of later period of the accession of Kazakhstan. In 1846, when tsarist authorities strained strength to fight the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people, the Minister of War ordered the commander of the Orenburg Corps General Obruchev to build the fortifications in the depths of the wilderness, near the centers of uprisings and in the garrisons and mobile units, made up of the Cossacks, not to include regular units. In response, General Obruchev wrote: "From my reports dated 17 April (1845 - KK) for №366 Your Excellency deign to know that designated the first time mentioned in the strengthening of the regular infantry and artillery, recognized by me absolutely necessary for the reason that in these steppe expeditions these troops are the main support for the troops, and the best defense against the Kyrgyz, who cannot make an attack on them and cannot withstand their actions, the local Cossacks also do not yet have the skill to act on foot and therefore cannot replace infantry " [3].

Until 1745 in the Siberian military line it was remained relatively quiet. This is due to the fact that, firstly, when Russia began active military policy in the region, the Chinese Empire was alerted, which led to a clash between the two great powers.  Russia, which was not profitable conduct of hostilities, had to wait for more favorable folding environment. Secondly, this policy has led Russia to the fact that as a result of the struggle for khan’s power,  Abulkhair khan  decided to appeal to the Russian government for military aid and the consequence of this was the sending to the embassy in Ufa and the adoption of Russian citizenship Kazakhs of the Little Horde in 1731. Equipment in the steppe of military expedition led by I.K. Kirillov meant not only the construction of military fortifications and lines, but also the creation of a pool of regular and irregular forces in the region for a successful event for the "voluntary" accession of Kazakhstan to Russia.

The Ural Cossack troops were the start of contingent of regular and irregular forces in Kazakhstan. Russian historian V.N. Vitevsky wrote on this subject: "Trying to colonization of the Orenburg region, still very thinly populated, he (V.I.Neplyuev), contrary to the desire of desires of the Military Collegium, in favor of leaving the fugitive on Yaik. Military Collegium of the State are not ignorant of what an important military corps has said Yaik troops are not only for the local security of the steppe nomadic peoples, but also for other public uses, and which is always considerable need in order to observe, that the aforesaid in good condition, keep that which is crowded , the better ... "[4].

Orenburg Governor-General  V.I. Neplyuev is one of the first drew attention to the Ural Cossacks on military force to complete the conquest of Kazakhstan, especially that Yaik Cossacks lived in constant enmity with the Kazakhs. Professor M.Zh. Abdirov in his book "History of the Cossacks of Kazakhstan" provides the following facts: "In 1711, the 16000 Kazakh squad plundered the baggage of bread bound for Yaik town, 300 Cossacks were captured and sold to Khiva. In 1713, a detachment of 800 Kazakh dzhigits,  captured fish convoy, en route to Samaria, the Cossacks were killed. Then they attacked the Yaik town and stole 4,000 horses because of the ramparts between Yaik and Shagyn. In 1714, 1715 and 1716 Kazakh and Karakalpak respectively attacked on Cossack wagons in the desert again, capturing people, hijacking horses [5]. And this is just the beginning of the XYIII century, in fact, the whole history of the emergence Yaik Cossack army is full of such examples, so the tsarist government simply could not take advantage of the opportunity, as the use of Cossacks, supported by regular units, as the vanguard of military and colonial policy.

Therefore, the comprehensive strengthening of the Cossack troops, raising concerns that the level of state policy, was of particular concern to the imperial government during the XIX century. All documents relating to military service, device, land ownership, the inner life of the Cossack troops, was taken at the level of the Senate, the Military Council of the empire, the government, which approved the special imperial decree of the Emperor. Though I must admit, that the Cossack troops before the XIX century used mainly in the form of mobile units, those were sent to the steppe with military lines, to pacify the Kazakh villages and carrying out punitive expeditions. But it must be said that since the Ural Cossack troops created spontaneously, they were not reliable with regard to discipline and subordination to the center. That is why, along with Kirillov in the Kazakh steppe, it was sent the first regular part of the region - an infantry regiment of Penza and Ufa garrison. They were joined by the Vologda regiment and regular part formed from Ufa nobles and Cossacks.

Simultaneously with the construction of military lines and fortifications the tsarist government created a powerful military force to conquer Kazakhstan, placing in the Orenburg province, translated from the interior of the regular and newly created in the province regular and irregular troops. By virtue of the decree of 19 February 1731, for the settlement of the fortified places in the Orenburg region they were appointed Landmile regiments, protected the old Kama line before. They were joined Orenburg and Ufa garrison regiments and Orenburg Cossacks. Landmil regiments were four: Sheshmin, Biler, Sergius and Alexis. The first two regiments, numbering up to 5,000 people, were formed from serving people Zakamsk suburbs, the other two regiments of Sergius and Alexis were collected from "prior service military men", who were previously policemen nobles, soldiers, dragoons, Reiter and spearmen. These regiments were supposed to translate into Samara and Yaik line [6].

Changes in the political arena in the XYIII century, the rise of France and the growth of military conflicts in Western Europe, Russia was forced to keep on the western border of the majority of the regular troops, so the Russian government before the uprising of Ye.Pugachev in 1773-1775 among the Yaik Cossacks, tried to create a regular part in the region and actively use the Cossacks. By this time the total number of irregular troops in Orenburg province employs 4493 people. They were placed as follows: In the city of Orenburg Ataman -1, 1 esaul, 7 centurions, 1 senior clerk, 7cornets, 14 constables, 7 centesimal clerks, 700 rank and file Cossacks; in Berd settlement chieftain -1, 1 cornet, 1 clerk, 2 sergeants, two corporals, 100 private Cossacks. Along the Yaik river from Orenburg up to Orsk - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks; in Ozerny - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks; in Krasnogorsk - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks; Along the Yaik river from Orenburg down to Chernorechensk Fortress - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks; in Tatishev Fortress - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks, in the Rossypnoi fortress – 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 rank and file Cossacks; down to the Samara river to the field - in Perevoloka, in Novosergievsk, Sorochinsk - one chieftain, one cornet and 48 rank and file Cossacks in each; Samara on the Volga river and down - in Totskiy, Buzuluk, Olshank Borsk, Krasnosamarsk, Moge - each one chieftain, one cornet and 48 ordinary ranks; Stavropol department - in Stavropol 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 48 ordinary ranks; in Samara - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 98 ordinary ranks; in Alekseevsk - 1 Ataman, 1 cornet, 98 ordinary ranks; in the city of Ufa - 1 Ataman, 1 lieutenant, 1 clerk, assistant captains 5, 147 soldiers; in Ufa province - in Tabynsk  1Ataman, 1 Cossack captain, 1 lieutenant, 1 cornet, 1 clerk, 95 rank and file Cossacks; Krasnoufimsk - 1 chieftain, 1esaul, 3 centurion, 1 clerk, 95 rank and file Cossacks; in Nagaybatsk 1Ataman, 1 esaul , 6 centurions, 6 clerks, 586 rank and file Cossacks; in Chelyabinsk - 1 chieftain, 1 esaul, 4 centurion, 1 clerk, 4 the cornet, 389 rank and file Cossacks; in Miyassk Fortress - 1 chieftain, esaul 1, 2 centurion, 2 Khorunzhii, 1 clerk, 193 rank and file Cossacks; in Etkulsk Fortress - 1 chieftain, 1esaul, 3 centurions,  3 cornets, 1 clerk, 341 rank and file Cossacks; in Chebarkul fortress - 1 chieftain, esaul 1, 3 centurions, 3 cornets, 1 clerk, 291 rank and file Cossacks; in Uysk Fortress - 1 chieftain, esaul 1, 1 cornet, 1 clerk, 76 rank and file Cossacks; in Uklykaragaysk Fortress - 1 chieftain, esaul 1, 1 clerk, 47 rank and file Cossacks [7].

The composition of these garrisons were artillery team, equipped with a full complement of artillery and ammunition. It is worth mentioning that the Russian government has experienced new weapons, such as machine tools and rapid-missile missile tubes, in the Kazakh steppe.

Cossack units with artillery teams, located in castles and fortifications of the Orenburg region, were intended not only for the protection of military lines, but there were also the vanguard of military penetration into the Kazakh steppe. Therefore, to enhance the avant-garde the regular army and the irregular Cossack troops from the interior of Russia were sent to the border. In 1739 Prince Urusov with regular and irregular troops of 5878 people, came to the Orenburg region. The Prince Urusov  on the position of Orenburg governor were replaced by the privy councilor V.I.Neplyuev. He significantly influences to increase of the number of regular and irregular contingent of troops in the region: "... Thanks to the strategic concerns of Neplyuev and partly by his predecessors the Orenburg region became quite defensive ..." [8].

The presence of such a contingent of troops says clearly not in favor of the idea of voluntary and peaceful accession of Kazakhstan to Russia. On the eve of the offensive deep into the Kazakh steppe tsarist government created a bridgehead and powerful military fist on the border with Kazakhstan. Pulling up to the borders of regular and irregular forces creating, Russian government has openly shown that it is afraid of his new subjects and new order would impose by force of arms.

By June 1806, the Orenburg province of regular and irregular troops, there were already 81,306 people. Irregular Orenburg Cossack army numbered 62 thousand 722 people [9].  Gradually, the tsarist government is inclined to think that created a contingent of armed forces is far from perfect. Therefore, in the Kazakh steppes begin to translate regular units.  By the 50s of the XVIII century the regular troops of 10,447 people had already housed on the Siberian military lines [10].

Troop build-up in the region due to the fact that in 1752 work began on the construction of a new border line called Presnogorkovsk, instead of the old Ishim. The new line were quartered, given by Kindermann to dragoon regiments and sent to 2,000 Cossacks of the Siberian cities. For devices castles and forts, in addition to this, sent another temporary service under the name of Siberian peasants Discharge Cossacks. In 1758 there were sent to 1,000 people from the Don and Yaik Cossack troops on a two-year service. Subsequently, instead of them,  being sent Bashkir-mescheryakski commands were  replaced every year [11].

The tsarist government feverishly  gathered the strength for the conquest of its own subjects, accumulating military power to penetrate deep into Kazakhstan, Central Asia and further to India.

By 1765 the regular and irregular troops of 13,374 people placed at the Siberian military line.

It is important to note that historical data to the beginning of XIX century Russian government did not take the lead role of Cossacks, Cossack troops were used as secondary, the main strike force were regular units. This is partly due to the fact that the Siberian military line bordered with another state, no less powerful than Russia, and secondly, the Cossacks, as military units, are not regular. However, analyzing the historical data, we can conclude that the Russian government has accumulated on the Siberian military lines quite a formidable military force to further penetration into the Kazakh steppe.

It should be noted that the garrison consisted of artillery team, equipped with the latest technology, while Kazakhs were armed only with rifles wick. In total, New, Irtysh, and Kuznetsk Kolyvanovsk lines had been 243 guns [12].

It was a formidable force, thrown against the people that are under the feudal system, armed with ancient weapons, which often instead of bullets fired by large stones, drenched lead.

By the beginning of the XIX century there were changes in the global political arena. Due to the risk arising on the western borders of the Russian Empire, the 24th Infantry Division was removed from Siberian military lines. This greatly bared southern border. Then it was decided to form new regular military units. August 19, 1808 New regiments, that would be ready to act when the country call them to protect their limits ..." [13]. July 3, 1812 the military governor of Prince Volkonsky received a report on the formation of 12 new regiments: 8 infantry and 4 Jaeger regiments [14].  In the regular parts of Kazakhstan they were included not only the Army, but also naval forces. In 1794 it was decided to keep in the Caspian Sea  3 frigates, 12 galliots and 12 Lastovo vessels [15].

The tsarist government formed not only contingent of regular and irregular forces in the region, but also takes care of creating reserves for the army. Provisions are created in the form of Russian settlements, among the workers and artisans in the newly arranged towns, fortresses and fortifications. No wonder the military governor of the Syr-Darya region I.A.Grodekov once said that "every new Russian settlement in Turkestan is a battalion of Russian troops" [16]. After all, the newly resettled on land Kazakh Russian immigrants were not ordinary peasants. V.N.Vitevsky wrote: "The most abundant material for colonization of the Orenburg region, without a doubt, made up of different classes and occupations people sentenced to exile." Decree of 11 February 1736 was ordered "to multiplication in those new places of Russian people" that link different criminals there, one defining the regular service, the other on the land for cultivation, third, more serious criminals, using at work in the mines. In 1743 it was ordered to send in Orenburg permit any return from exile, who suffered a public flogging or have taken out the nostrils. This also referred to the settlement of commoners, illegitimate, the elderly and the slaves have been released into the wild - in general, all of which turned out to be unable to pay the poll salary [17].

The tsarist government, sending such people to the Kazakh steppe, solved two problems, firstly, to create a reserve for military action against the civilian population, and secondly, cleaned native Russian territory from undesired element, anticipating the popular movements.

References

1. State Archive of Omsk Region О.F.366. list. 1. file. 47. l. 3 vol.
2. Usov F. Statisticheskoe opisanie sibirskogo kazachego vojska. SPb. 1879 (p. 447)
3. State Archive of Omsk Region О.F.366. list. 1. file. 230. n. 16 vol.
4. Vitevskij V.N. I.I. Neplyuev i Orenburgskij kraj v prežnem ego sostave do 1758 goda. T. 1-2.- Kazan'.- 1897. (p. 504).
5. Аbdirov M.Zh. Istoriya kazachestva Kazahstana. Аlmaty.- 1994.
6. Vitevskij V.N. I.I. Neplyuev i Orenburgskij kraj v prezhnem ego sostave do 1758 goda. T. 1-2.- Kazan'.- 1897. (p.504)
7. .State Archive of Orenburg region О.F.6.list.1.file.1.l.l.6ob.- 8 vol.
8. Vitevskij V.N. I.I. Neplyuev i Orenburgskij kraj v prezhnem ego sostave do 1758 goda. T. 1-2.- Kazan'.- 1897. (p.504).
9. State Archive of Orenburg region О.F.6. .11. f.6 / 1. list.l.1-4 about.
10. State Archive of Omsk region О.F.366. list. 1. f.24. L. 2, 2ob.
11. Usov F. Statisticheskoe opisanie sibirskogo kazachego vojska. SPb. 1879 (p. 447)
12. State Archive of Omsk region O. F.366. list. 1. f.64. LL 1-5. D.63. LL 7ob.- 8ob.
13. Usov F. Statisticheskoe opisanie sibirskogo kazachego vojska. SPb. 1879 (p. 447)
14. State Archive of Orenburg region O. F.6. list.3. file. 3602. l 2, 3.
15. Beskrovnyj L. G. Russkaya armiya i flot v XVIII veke. M.- 1973. (p.342).
16. Safarov G. Kolonialnaya revolyuciya (opyt Turkestana). M.- 1920.- (p.378).
17. Vitevskij V.N. I.I. Neplyuev i Orenburgskij kraj v prezhnem ego sostave do 1758 goda. T. 1-2.- Kazan'.- 1897. (p. 504).