Aspect

Tajikistan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Legal Framework

Law No. 320 "On Digital Electronic Signatures" (2007). Solid foundation but lacks updates for emerging tech (e.g., blockchain).

Advanced framework: Law "On Digital Signatures"

(2003, revised 2020). Explicitly recognizes

QES (Qualified Electronic Signatures) and cloud signatures.

Law "On Electronic Digital Signature" (2012, updated 2021). Integrated with broader e-governance reforms.

PKI Infrastructure

Centralized CA model; corporate CAs exempt from licensing. Government sets CA requirements.

Robust, state-managed PKI via National Certification Center (NCC). Supports mobile Ids and cross-border recognition.

Unified CA system under State Personalization Agency. "Mobile ID" widely adopted for citizen authentication.

Adoption Level

Nascent: Limited to customs, banking, and select e-gov services. Low citizen/private sector uptake.

High: Mandatory for e-gov services (e.g., tax filings, property registration), banking, and procurement. ~80% of public services use digital signatures.

Rapid Growth: Integrated into my.gov .uz portal for 200+ services. Surging private sector use (e-commerce, contracts).

Key Applications

Customs declarations, banking transactions, limited e-procurement.

E-notary, e-invoicing, judicial filings, land registry, universal e-gov access.

Business registration, e trade, online notary, educational diplomas, cross-border e-docs.

Innovations

Limited mobile integration; reliance on hardware tokens.

Blockchain-based signatures ("Smart Sarkyt"), biometric authentication.

AI-powered verification; cloud signature services; integration with Eurasian Economic Union systems.

Strategic Alignment

Part of national digital economy goals; slow implementation.

Core to "Digital Kazakhstan 2025"; aligned with EU eIDAS standards.

Central to "Digital Uzbekistan 2030"; rapid scaling with World Bank/ADB support.