Study

Main finding

Limitation

How this study complements

Bloom et al. (2020)

"Ideas are getting harder to find" — maintaining growth requires exponentially more researchers

Analyzes only publications and patents; does not account for structural shifts

Shows corporate R&D grew 8x faster than academic R&D

Park et al. (2023)

Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time

Disruptiveness index does not capture commercial value

Corporate patents in AI/biotech grew 180-300% (2015–2022)

Jones (2009)

"Burden of knowledge" increases training time, reducing time for original contributions

Applies primarily to academic science

In corporate sector, effect is mitigated by specialization and scale

Arora et al. (2018)

Decline of science in corporate R&D publications

Notes but does not quantify structural shift