MIGRATION PROCESSES IN CONDITION GLOBALIZATION AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Муртазаева Р.Х.

Профессор, Национальный университет Узбекистана

МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН

Аннотация

В первые годы становления национальной государственности и национального возрождения для межэтнических отношений была характерна определенная напряженность, которая вызвала рост эмиграционных настроений у не титульного населения. Эта ситуация была преодолена в достаточно короткие сроки, и к середине 90-х годов эмиграционные потоки заметно снизились. В значительной мере это является результатом проводимой взвешенной национальной политики, что в многонациональной стране является очень важным фактором социальной стабильности.

Ключевые слова: миграция, государство, национальный состав, глобализация, Ресупблика Узбекистан, население.

Murtazaeva R.Kh.

Professor, National University of  Uzbekistan

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN CONDITION GLOBALIZATION AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract

At the first years of the formation national government and national rebirth for between nation of the relations was typical determined tension, which has caused the growing emigration moods beside not title population. This situation was did in it is enough short periods, and to medium 90-h years emigration flows noticeably fell. In significant measure this is from conducted weighted national politicians that in multinational country is very important factor to social stability.

Key words: migration, state, national composition, globalization, Republic of Uzbekistan, population.

After state independence Uzbekistan in whirlpool world event, but consequently миграционных processes, was included Uzbekistan, where live the representatives 137 nationalities, majority of the population of the country (83,4%) form the uzbeks, over 10% -a representatives other folk to Central Asia (5% - a tadzhiks, 3% - a kazakhs, 2,5% - an karakalpak, 1% - a kirghizs, as well as turkmens and others.). The most Largest ethnic by minority remain russian (5,5%), lives over 42% populations of the country. In capital Uzbekistan g.Tashkent lives 2,3 mln.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the population of Uzbekistan has grown almost six times. The highest density of population was recorded in Andijan (474.5 persons per sq. km) and Fergana  (334.3 persons per sq. km) provinces, and the lowest one in Navoi province (6.6 persons per sq. km) and Karakalpakstan (8.5 per sq. km). Intensive growth of the indigenous population in Central Asian republics including Uzbekistan began from the 1960s when the quality of the health care services inproved significantly and the standard of living rised. The annual rate of natural growth constitutes about 3% for the entire population of the republic and about 4% for the indigenous ethnic groups.

A consistent tendency of the recent decade has been a decrease in the population growth influenced by the following key factors:

• Birth control policy of the Ministry of Health and measures taken by it to introduce contraceptives;
• Government support to the education campaigns aimed to inform population of the necessity of the family planning;
• Rise of prices for health care services and the decrease in the actual pay.

As the result of the government family planning policy, birth rate in the republic decreased from 33.7 in 1989 to 25.5 people in 1997, and the natural growth went down from 27.6 to 19.7 people respectively, and in 1998 - to 17.2 per 1,000 people. In 1992 growth rate constituted 2.38%, and in 1997 it was only 1.87%. According to the projections made by the World Bank experts this ratio should reach 1.7% by the year 2005.

By the year 1997 the avarage family size was reduced to 5.5 people in Uzbekistan and to 6.4 in Karakalpakstan. Social studies reveal that the representatives of indigenous ethnic groups which constitute the absolute majority of the population of the republic believe that nowadays 4 is the most appropriate number of children in a family. Therefore, it can be assumed that Uzbekistan has reached the rate of birth decrease which under similar socioeconomic conditions and government birth control policy is not likely to change significantly in the near future. The calculation of the number of population in the republic is based on the average natural growth rate over the period from 1990 to 1998. (Refer to the Table on the previous page.)

The natural growth rate of Uzbeks - about 30 per 1000 people - served as basis for calculating the number of people in traditionally large (more than 4 children in a family) Central Asian ethnic groups. To the other ethnic groups of central Asia, such as Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Turkmens, and Karakalpaks the natural growth ratio approximating that of the Uzbeks was applied with only a slight variation identified by the experts (randomly). The above mentioned ethnic groups had been less affected by the interstate migration and preserved an extensive type of reproduction. Persians, Uygurs, Turks, and Azeris preserved to a certain extent an extensive reproduction, but lost the tradition of having a large family. For these groups a lower growth rate of 20 per 1000 was established. Other ethnic groups who lost the tradition of having a large family and sustained zero (or close to zero) reproduction rate were Tatars, Chuvash, Mordva, and Koreans. For those the natural growth rate was established as 10 per 1000. Nations who lost the tradition of having many children and had a lower reproduction rate (1-2 chldren

in a family) were Russians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Belorussians, Jews, Germans,

Maps and tables showing the distribution of ethnic groups by provinces of Uzbekistan appear as Annexes. Ethnic groups distribution in Uzbekistan follows a certain pattern. Uzbeks settle everywhere, but their proportion is the highest in old cities and traditionally agrarian valleys of Chirchik, Fergana, Zarafshan, Kashkadarya, and Khorezm. Karakalpaks mainly inhabit nothern areas of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Russians, Ukrains, Belorussians, Koreans, Armenians, and Tatars chiefly settle in the cities. Tajiks live mainly in Bukhara, Samarkand, Surkhandarya, Namangan, and Fergana provinces. Kazakhs live in Karakalpakstan, Navoi province, and rural areas around Tashkent. Kyrgyz inhabit areas near the border of Kyrgyz Republic, and Turkmens live in the areas bordering Turkmenistan. Koreans settle in the rural areas of Chirchik river basin, and in the cities.

In the late 19th and early 20th century Russian peasantry began to settle in the areas of Golodnaya Steppe (South-West of Tashkent) creating migrant settlements. In the 19th century Uygurs who fled Sin Xian (China)settled in the mountain valleys in the East of Uzbekistan.  Since the 70s migration has been influenced by internal, Uzbekistan-originated factors. As the level of education and skills of the titular nations (Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, and etc.) grew, their chances to acquire a higher social status and to get a more prestigious job increased significantly. Therefore, since the 60s the Slavic ethnic groups, or the so-called Russian-speaking population gradually began to loose their privileged positions in trade, education, culture, and health care -- the growing number of people employed in these sectors was both absolutely and comparatively secured by the indigenous population.

After the independent national states have emerged, migration acquired a more explicit ethnic character. At the beginning people feared to loose a chance to reunite with people of the same identity in their native republics. Then the communication between Uzbekistan nationals and their relatives in other CIS countries became complicated due to the dramatic increase in prices for transport services, introduction of visa regime in some of the former republics of the USSR, introduction of own non-convertible currencies in all republics, and tense or even life-threatening situation in some of these states.

Considerable portion of Uzbekistan emigrants are forced migrants and refugees who leave Uzbekistan not only for economic reasons, but also because of the encroachement upon the rights they used to enjoy.

Ethnic migrants leave the countries where their privileged status or safety can no longer be secured. In some republics their lives are threatened (Tajikistan), in others their privileged position which they grew accustomed to was lost (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan). The new laws on language and citizenship in these countries make certain ethnic groups noncompetitive on the local labor market. Hundreds of thousands of people risk to become individuals without citizenship due to the complicated and expensive procedure of adopting or changing the citizenship. Migration from Uzbekistan is complicated and is partly hidden from the government authorities responsible for making records of people’s movements. The official statistical data reflect the general tendency of migration but fail to report the exact numbers. For instance, the statistical institutions of the CIS countries are not able to keep a record of migrants who received and maintained dual citizenship for a certain period. People need this type of citizenship to fully enjoy citizen rights in the republic of sojourn, for example, Russia or Uzbekistan. Legally, in Uzbekistan dual citizenship is prohibited, however those who needed it could acqure it illegally. The procedure is simple: a citizen would iloosei his passport, report the loss to the office of the Ministry of Interior [police], get a new one with the Uzbekistan registration, and use his ioldi passport to register his departure from Uzbekistan by giving a bribe. Usually such individuals would not indicate the point of destination.

In the near future the character of migration in Uzbekistan will be conditioned by restraining and prompting factors. Among the latter are such events of 1999 as the bomb explosions in Tashkent on 16 February, and fighting in Vabkent area of Kyrgyzstan.

These events alert people to the menace of civil or intraconfession conflicts threatening to sweep parts of Uzbekistan and neighboing countries - Kyrgyzstan, Tajukistan, and Afghanistan. Besides, emigration is prompted by the expiration of the validity of the old irked passportsi of the USSR.

Another restraining factor is the unwillingness of many non-titular nations, in spite of a general desire to emigrate, to loose Uzbekistan as a country, business and people. In addition, an old age, lack of professional qualification, poor health, or the lack of money to move often keep potential emigrants from emigrating. According to our estimates, by the year 2005 Uzbekistan will be left with about 80% of non-indigenous population where the majority are the people with nowhere

to go, no purpose to go, or without any money to go (Refer to the Annex immigration Intentions of the Population of Uzbekistani).

The first edition contained an assumption that the near future should see the migration of indigenous nationalities such as Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, etc. that would follow the emigration of non-indigenous groups.

The Amount uzbek for this period increased nearly on 3 mln. person (4,3 points), but their share - with 71,4% before 75,7%. The Growing of the share uzbek has occurred at no charge to the other persons of the local nationalities (the kazakhs, каракалпаков, kirghiz, tadzhik and turkmen), share which also выросла on 0,1 points and, -having formed 12,5%, has overtaken the share of all other nationalities, specific" weight-last fell with 16,2% before 11,8%. (For reference in 1989 this difference formed beside 4% in their profit). А in absolute value amount this group increased with 2,448 mln. before 2,800 mln. i.e. on 342 thous. person.

As a result more low rate of the natural increase of the population and миграционных processes decreased the share russian (-2 points), татар (-0,8 points), jew (-0,2 points), german (-0,13 points). Significant in this plan of the change have occurred in relative value not only, but also in absolute. The Amount of all other nationalities for considered period decreased on 0,5 mln. person основном to account of the reduction amount russian (nearly on thous. person), татар (115 thous.), jew (37,5 thous.), german (24.4 thous.) that is to say these numerals obviously are indicative of change migration nature.

         The Emigration jew and german were typical of all republics C.I.S. moreover they in greater degree have drived out of USSR i.e. before 1991 than than after independence of the Republic Uzbekistan. The Share татар decreased, in the beginning, mainly, to account crimean tatar. Deportation in Uzbekistan during war and obtained official permit to return on Ukraine in Cream at the end 1980-h years, but then and tatar, left in Russia.

As to russian though their share and decreased, but has not occurred the обвального of the reduction. Moreover, as a whole track record in 1989-95 gg. (the reduction on -2 points) comparable since period 1979-89 gg. (-2,5 points). Russian continue to remain more halfs of all other nationalities.

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