1. Introduction
It is known that direct galvanic stimulation of the vestibular nerve makes it possible to implant the vestibular organ to restore vestibular function
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
For effective prosthesis of vestibular sensors, it is necessary to place stimulating electrodes near the cristae of the semicircular canals and otolith macules. In this case, the ability of the vestibular implant to generate stimulating impulses for transmission to the brain through afferent channels to restore vestibular function is characterized by its transfer function, defined as the ratio of signals on the afferent nerve and on the stimulating electrode
[8]
In this regard, in order to achieve the maximum transfer function, we studied the influence of vestibular organ tissues on changes in the amplitude-phase characteristics of the stimulating signal.
2. Research methods and principles
The amplitude-phase characteristics of the stimulating harmonic signal from electrodes located in the ampullas of the semicircular canals and otolith macules were measured when current passed through the tissues of the vestibular organ to the vestibular nerve. The study was carried out on the basis of the TSU vivarium. Outbred male Wistar rats weighing 400–450 g, without obvious signs of neurological pathology and physical defects, were used.
To study the anatomical structure of the vestibular organ, animals were slaughtered and decapitated under ether anesthesia. Soft tissues of the periotic region of the head were prepared and removed. The skull was trepanned and bones of the tympanic vesicle and periotic capsule were mechanically isolated, preserving the vestibulocochlear nerve emerging from it in its native form.
Figure 1 shows the measurement scheme and location of the stimulating electrodes and recording electrode in the vestibular organ.
Scheme for measuring the amplitude-phase characteristics of a harmonic signal when current passes through the tissues of the vestibular organ. The numbers indicate the location of the stimulating electrodes in the ampullas of the semicircular canals: 1 – anterior; 2 – horizontal; 3 – posterior; 4 – near the otolith macules; 5 – recording electrode on the vestibular nerve
A stimulating sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude of
The measuring circuit contained a shunt resistance R=12 kOhm located between the recording electrode and the common “zero” electrode. Using a recording oscilloscope, changes in the amplitude of the received signal over time were recorded at the recording electrode and its phase shift relative to the signal at the stimulating electrode was calculated for each frequency.
To calculate the amplitude of the received signal, the maximum values from 5-7 local signal maxima were averaged. To determine the phase shift of the received signal relative to the supplied signal, the number of time intervals that fit within the signal period
[LATEX_FORMULA]\( \varphi=-360 \times \frac{\Delta n}{n} \)[/LATEX_FORMULA]
The resulting phase shifts at each period were subsequently averaged to calculate the average phase shift.
3. Main results
The results of measurements of the amplitude-phase characteristics of the signal on the vestibular nerve are presented in Table 1. [LATEX_FORMULA]\( \varphi \)[/LATEX_FORMULA]
Voltage U and phase shift relative to the stimulating electrode
| Frequency, Hz | (anterior canal) | (horizontal canal) | (posterior canal) | Otoliths (SU) | ||||
| ° | U, mV | ° | U, mV | ° | U, mV | ° | U, mV | |
| 300 | -29.8 | 86.0 | -31.7 | 144.0 | -37.0 | 196.0 | -16.4 | 168.0 |
| -30.2 | 70.0 | -31.6 | 162.0 | -36.4 | 194.0 | -16.4 | 152.0 | |
| -30.0 | 78.0 | -31.7 | 153.0 | -36.7 | 195.0 | -16.4 | 160.0 | |
| 1,000 | -35.1 | 118.0 | -26.7 | 192.0 | -19.7 | 268.0 | -15.0 | 194.0 |
| -28.8 | 102.0 | -24.3 | 220.0 | 20.5 | 268.0 | -14.0 | 186.0 | |
| -32.0 | 110.0 | -25.5 | 206.0 | -20.1 | 268.0 | -14.5 | 190.0 | |
| 1,500 | -30.9 | 136.0 | -24.8 | 212.0 | -14.7 | 276.0 | -10.9 | 204.0 |
| -25.6 | 118.0 | -23.0 | 234.0 | -11.6 | 276.0 | -12.6 | 196.0 | |
| -28.3 | 127.0 | -23.9 | 223.0 | -13.6 | 276.0 | -11.8 | 200.0 | |
| 2,000 | -29.1 | 140.0 | -15.8 | 228.0 | -10.6 | 280.0 | -18.1 | 204.0 |
| -25.0 | 130.0 | -25.1 | 248.0 | -8.7 | 280.0 | -19.3 | 192.0 | |
| -27.1 | 135.0 | -25.5 | 238.0 | -9.7 | 280.0 | -18.7 | 198.0 |
As it can be seen from Table 1, negative phase shift values indicate the capacitive nature of the tissues of the inner ear, due to their membrane structure. This is also confirmed by an increase in voltage on the recording electrode with a simultaneous decrease in the phase shift with an increase in the frequency of the harmonic signal.
A comparison of the voltage amplitudes at the recording electrode on the nerve shows that in this case it is closer to the electrodes located in the vicinity of the posterior semicircular canal and otolith macules. A study of the geometry and morphology of the vestibular labyrinth of a laboratory animal using the example of a rat, based on MRI and CT images
[9]
Typical distances between elements of the vestibular apparatus of a laboratory rat
| Measuring point names | Distance between points, mm | |
| MRI data | Micro-CT data | |
| Exit of the nerve from the bony labyrinth – ampulla of the posterior canal | 1.530 | 1.330 |
| Exit of the nerve from the bony labyrinth – macula of utricle | 1.197 | 1.208 |
| Exit of the nerve from the bony labyrinth – macula of saccule | 1.698 | 1.852 |
| Exit of the nerve from the bony labyrinth – ampulla of the lateral canal | 2.399 | 2.584 |
| Exit of the nerve from the bony labyrinth – ampulla of the anterior canal | 2.409 | 2.613 |
Table 2 demonstrates that the anatomical location of the elements of the vestibular apparatus correlates with the location of the stimulating electrodes, and is confirmed by the results of measurements of the amplitude-phase characteristics of the voltages on the recording electrode. It follows that the configuration of the stimulating electrodes is important for optimizing the transfer function of the vestibular implant
[10]
4. Conclusion
The experiment on multichannel electrical stimulation showed that the location of the stimulating electrodes plays a crucial role in increasing the effectiveness of the vestibular implant for restoring vestibular function. The research results contribute to the understanding of the electrophysiology of the vestibular labyrinth for the design and development of multichannel vestibular implants.